Dr Campra has released his latest research.
This is his short video introduction to the work.
HISTORY
Dr Pablo Campra from Almeria University was the first to deduce that the Pfizer vaccine most probably contained Graphene Oxide flakes. However, this was just a visual match.
His initial images of what appeared to be Graphene Oxide went viral worldwide.
Graphene Oxide was later backed by The Scientist’s Club, A German collective and Dr Young.
The theory is that Graphene Oxide flakes are responsible for the vaccine-induced magnetism that we have witnessed internationally. Dr Andrew Goldsworthy (retired) of Imperial College London has explained the possible mechanism here: https://www.notonthebeeb.co.uk/post/dr-andrew-goldsworthy
Not On The Beeb has many articles and films linked to vaccine-induced magnetism here: https://www.notonthebeeb.co.uk/magnetism including a key petition calling for an urgent investigation.
Yet so far, no one has (at least publically) taken the analysis of the vaccines further to provide a definite conclusion.
Hence Dr Campra’s conclusion confirming graphene oxide within the covid vaccines is a major step forwards. His technique has been to use using micro-RAMAN infrared spectroscopy combined with microscope analysis
Below are some highlights from the report.
(Please download the full paper for proper reading – link at top of article)
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY
Fundamentals of the micro-Ramantechnique
Due to the characteristics of the sample and to the dispersion of objects with a graphene appearance of micrometric size in a complex matrix of indeterminate composition, the direct application of spectroscopic methods does not allow characterization of the nanoparticles studied here without a previous microscopic localization or fractionation from the original sample.
Therefore, microscopy coupled to RAMAN spectroscopy (micro- RAMAN) was selected as an effective technique for an exhaustive screening of micrometric objects visible under the optical microscope.
RAMAN infrared spectroscopy is a fast, non-destructive technique that allows the verification of the structure of this material by identifying vibrational modes and phonons generated after excitation with monochromatic laser, generating inelastic dispersion that manifests itself in peaks of infrared emission that are a characteristic signature of the reticular structure of graphene and derivatives.
Coupled optical microscopy allows the excitation laser to be focused on specific objects and points located on objects, to reinforce the degree of confidence in identifying the nature of the material, and to obtain complementary information on thickness, defects, thermal conductivity and edge geometry of graphene nanocrystalline structures.
Equipment used for micro-Raman spectroscopy
RAMAN LASER SPECTROMETER JASCO NRS-5100 Confocal Raman MICROSCOPE with spectrograph, includes: -variety of magnification and working distances from x5 to x100 -up to 8 lasers ranging from UV to NIR -SRI (spatial resolution image) to simultaneously view the sample image and the laser point. -DSF (Dual Spatial Filtration) that optimizes the confocal focus of the image produced by the objective lens to reduce aberration and improve spatial resolution and reduce the effects of matrix fluorescence. The spectra were analyzed with SPECTRA MANAGER software, version 2. JASCO Corporation. Previously, the equipment was calibrated with a silicon standard at 520 cm-1.
1.3. Micro-Raman spectroscopy of graphite and graphene
1. NANOCRYSTALLINESTRUCTUREBANDS –G-band (~1580-1600 cm-1): Indicates a permissible phonon vibration (elementary vibration of the net) in the plane of the aromatic ring (sp2 hybridization), characteristic of the crystalline structure of graphite and graphene. It presents a red shift (lower frequency, in cm-1), as well as higher intensity with a higher number of layers. On the contrary, the higher energy in doped graphene shows as a blue shift (higher frequency in cm-1), along the 1580-1600 cm-1 range (Ferrari et al, 2007). –2D band (~2690 cm) (or G’): Indicates stacking order. It depends on the number of layers, it does not depend on the degree of defects, but its frequency is close to twice that of peak D. Its position oscillates according to the type of doping. The presence of single-layer graphene (SLG) has been associated with the presence of an isolated and sharp 2D peak, increasing in width according to the number of layers (Ni et al., 2008). – The ratio of I2D/IG is proportional to the number of layers of the graphite network. – In graphite G and 2D appear are sharper and narrower than in graphene.
2. BANDS ACTIVATED BY ANOMALIES in the graphitic structure. These bands are generated by elastic dispersion (of the same energy) of load conveyors and by phonon confinement (Kohn’s anomaly in phonon dispersion). In graphene oxides (GO) the disorder comes from the insertion of hydroxyl (-OH) and epoxide (-O-) groups. –D band (~1340 cm-1). It shows the density of defects in the crystal network due to functionalization, doping or structural anomalies generating holes or new sp3 (C-C) centers. The intensity of the D-band decreases with the alignment of layers in the graphitic structure. –D’ band (~1620 cm-1). It follows a double resonance behavior due to network defects. Sometimes it merges with the G band due to blueshift of the latter. –D+G band (~2940 cm-1) PARAMETERS INTRODUCING FREQUENCY VARIABILITY (cm-1), INTENSITY AND SHAPE OF THE RAMAN BANDS These parameters have not been studied in detail in this report but should be considered in the future for the assignment of bands to vibrational modes.
- – Degree and type of disorder (doping, breaks, etc.), that cause wider width of the G, D, and 2D peaks by decreasing the phonon lifetime (molecular vibration)
- – The G-band does not show differences in intensity due to disorder, but the ratio (ID/ IG) does vary with D band changes.
- – Compression and stretching of the network by doping. There may be blueshifts (>cm) in all bands (up to 15 cm−1 in G and 25 cm−1 in 2D) and band narrowing(up to 10 cm −1) e.g. “back gates” by doping with oxides through deposition
- – By sheet bending the 2D band also increases, with no change in G, but with blueshifts between 4-12 cm−1 can occur.
- – Stacking level or number of layers
- – Functionalization (introduction of functional groups) of the network generates the appearance of new Raman peaks: 746 cm−1 (C–S stretching), 524, 1062, 1102, 1130 cm−1 (skeletal vibrations, CCCC trans and gauche), 1294 (twisting), 1440, 1461 (C–H deformation, scissoring), 2848 and 2884 cm−1 (C–H stretching).
- – A the same object may show spectral variations depending on the angle of incidence and the layers affected. The edges will show more disorder than the inner crystalline structure (Ni et al, 2008)
- – Blueshifts dependent on the substrate employed to grow graphene layers (Chen et al, 2008)
- – Variable intensity of the peaks in the same object according to the laser focus point, due to structural variability with respect to the angle of incidence related to the crystal network (Barros et al., 2005)
LIST OF SAMPLES OF VIALS AND OBJECTS SCREENED BY MICRO-RAMAN
1. Samples were obtained from sealed vials of COVID19 mRNA vaccines as outlined in Annex 1. All vials were sealed at the time of processing, except MOD and JAN, which had no aluminum seals.
2. Four different aliquots per vial of 10 μl each were extracted with 50 μl micro- syringe, deposited on optical microscopy slides, and left to dry in aseptic laminar flow chamber at room temperature. They were then stored in a closed slide case and kept cold until micro-Raman analysis.
3. Previous extensive visual screening of drips was carried out under optical microscope (OLIMPUS CX43) in search for objects compatible with graphitic structures or graphene. Magnification from X100 to x600 were used. Object selection criteria were:
1. Location in the remains of the droplet or in the outer area of dragging by drying
2. Two types of grafene-like appearance: two-dimensional translucent objects or dark carbon-like opaque bodies.
- Obtain RAMAN spectra of the selected objects
- Processing of the spectral data
The list and keys of the objects characterized in this report are set out in Annex 2.
Dr Campra’s summary, in his words.
We present here our research on the presence of graphene in covid vaccines. We have carried out a random screening of graphene-like nanoparticles visible at the optical microscopy in seven random samples of vials from four different trademarks, coupling images with their spectral signatures of RAMAN vibration.
By this technique, called micro-RAMAN, we have been able to determine the presence of graphene in these samples, after screening more than 110 objects selected for their graphene-like appearance under optical microscopy. Out of them, a group of 28 objects have been selected, due to the compatibility of both images and spectra with the presence of graphene derivatives, based on the correspondence of these signals with those obtained from standards and scientific literature. The identification of graphene oxide structures can be regarded as conclusive in 8 of them, due to the high spectral correlation with the standard. In the remaining 20 objects, images coupled with Raman signals show a very high level of compatibility with undetermined graphene structures, however different than the standard used here.
This research remains open and is made available to scientific community for discussion. We make a call for independent researchers, with no conflict of interest or coaction from any institution to make wider counter-analysis of these products to achieve a more detailed knowledge of the composition and potential health risk of these experimental drugs, reminding that graphene materials have a potential toxicity on human beings and its presence has not been declared in any emergency use authorization.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The micro-Raman technique applied here has proved to be very effective for the rapid screening of a large number of microscopic objects in the detection of graphene micro-structures dispersed in complex samples.
Compared to macro-Raman spectroscopy of whole aqueous dispersions, the combination with microscopy in micro-Raman has the advantage of allowing the association of spectral fingerprints to nanoparticles visible under the optical microscope. This technique allowed us to focus the prospection towards specific objects with graphene-like appearance, reinforcing their spectroscopic characterization with coupled images. In this work, the preliminary selection of objects has focused on two typologies, translucent sheets and opaque carbonaceous objects, due to their visual similarity with similar shapes observable in standards after sonication or in graphene oxide dispersions (see Annex 3 Results). The difference between both typologies is not due to their chemical composition, both derived from graphite, but only to the degree of exfoliation of the starting graphitic material and the number of superimposed layers, assuming a threshold of around 10 layers as a reference limit to consider that material graphite (3D) (Ramos-Fernandez, 2017). Anyhow, it was out the scope of our work to further characterize these structures.
A total of 110 objects with graphene-like appearance were selected, mostly located at the edge of the sample droplets after dehydration, inside or outside of the dragging area by drying at room temperature of the original aqueous phase. Out of them, another 28 objects in total were selected for their higher degree of spectral compatibility with graphene materials reported in the literature, considering both spectra and images. The images and RAMAN spectra of these objects are shown in the Annex 3 of this report. It is of interest to note that the samples do not dry completely at room temperature, always leaving a gelatinous residue, whose limit can be observed in some of the photographs shown. The composition of this medium is unknown for the moment as it was not the subject of the present study, as well as that of other typologies of micrometric size objects that could be observed recurrently in the samples at low magnification (40-600X). The Raman spectra of some of these objects were obtained but are not shown in this study because they did not present visual resemblance to graphene or graphite.
A limitation in obtaining defined spectral patterns with this technique has been the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by many selected objects. In numerous translucent sheets with a graphene appearance, it was not possible to obtain Raman spectra free of fluorescence noise, so the technique did not allow to obtain specific RAMAN signals with well-defined peaks in many of them.
Therefore, in these objects the presence of graphene structures can neither be affirmed nor ruled out.
Another limitation of the micro- RAMAN technique is the low quality of the optical image of the equipment, which often prevents the detection of high-transparency graphene-like sheets, which can, however, be observed in optical microscopes with proper condenser adjustment. For these objects an effective alternative for characterization would be to use other complementary microscopy techniques coupled with spectroscopy, such as XPS with good optics or the obtention of electron diffraction pattern of graphene by electronic microscopy (TEM).
Considering these selection criteria, the 28 objects found with potential graphene identity have been distributed in 2 groups, according to the degree of correlation with the RAMAN spectrum of reduced graphene oxide pattern used (rGO, TMSIGMA ALDRICH). GROUP 1 included 8 objects whose spectral patterns were similar to the spectrum of the rGO pattern, and therefore the presence of graphene oxide (no 1-8) can be affirmed with certainty. This spectral correspondence can be considered unequivocal and is characterized by 2 dominant peaks in the scanned range (between 1200-1800 cm-1), peaks called G (~1584 cm-1) and D (~1344 cm-1), characteristic of graphene oxides. This characterization by spectral correspondence between the signals of these nanoparticles and the rGO pattern is f u r t h e r reinforced by the microscopic appearance of these objects, all of them with an opaque carbonaceous appearance similar to that of the standard objects, as can be seen in the photographs in the Results annex. Therefore, we can affirm with a high level of confidence that the identification of graphene material in all the analyzed samples of Group 1 IS CONCLUSIVE, and with high probability graphene oxide structures can be assigned to these nanoparticles. These group 1 objects presented a micrometric size in ranges of tens of microns (shown as a blue line in photographs of some of them).
In the second group of 20 objects (GROUP 2, no 9-28), RAMAN signals compatible with the presence of graphene or graphitic structures have been detected, showing peaks of RAMAN vibrations around the G band (1585-1600 cm-1), compatible with the G peak of the nanocrystalline structure of graphene or graphite. This vibrational mode is generated by the allowed vibration of the phonon in the plane of the aromatic ring (sp2). Its drifting towards higher frequencies in some objects, tending towards 1600 cm- 1 (blue shift) can be assigned to a wide variety of modifications referred extensively in the literature, such as, for example, the number of graphene layers or doping with functional groups or heavy metals others (Ferrari et al, 2007). Visually, this group includes the two types of appearances observed in the standards: whether opaque micrometric objects with a carbonaceous appearance (no 9, 11, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28) or translucent sheets with graphene-like appearance (no 10, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19 and 20).
In the spectra of this group 2, the G peak maxima are accompanied by other dominant peaks of non-determined assignment in this work. A subgroup (2.1.) can be made from of objects whose spectra have the two 2 dominant peaks located in band ranges that could be assigned to the two main vibrational modes of graphene oxide, G (range 1569-1599 cm-1) and D (range 1342-1376 cm-1) (objects no. 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26). Considering both microscopic images and RAMAN signals together, the assignation of the spectra of this group 2.1 to graphenic structures can be done with a high level of confidence. However, although the structural modifications of the network generating spectral signals different than the standard rGO used have yet to be determined.
The signals from a second subgroup (2.2) of objects of this Group 2 (no 9, 10, 12, 13, 18, 19, 25, 27, 28) can be considered compatible with the presence of graphene structures due to the presence of maxima in the G-band, although the use of more detailed spectral analysis algorithms would be necessary, since no clear peaks that could be assigned to the vibrational mode D, around 1344 cm-1 in the rGO standard, were not clearly observed. However, the presence of peak D is not a sine qua non condition for the assignment of graphene structures to spectra, and in consequence these objects have been selected for this report as they are showing compatible vibrational maxima in the vicinity of the G-band (range 1569-1600 cm-1). There is still an open debate about the interpretation of this D-band and its variable frequency and shape (Ferrari and Robertson, 2004). As outlined in the methodological introduction, the intensity of the D peak, generally cited around 1355 cm-1, as well as the intensity ratio with the G peak (ID / IG) is indicative of the degree of disorder in the graphene network, introduced by different agents such as doping, introduction of very different functional groups or breaks in the continuity of the network. In ordered graphitic materials this peak D is absent. In some spectra of this subgroup 2.2., other peaks with higher frequencies (blueshift) than the standard appear, whose assignment to vibrational mode D is possible, although this assignment is yet to be determined by processing with algorithms analysis which was beyond the scope of the present work. Therefore, at present, for these spectra we can only state that the absence or drifting (shift) of the D peak with respect to the location of the rGO pattern still requires a structural interpretation according to the models available. According to the literature, both the variations in the shift of the G and D peaks, as well as their variable width and intensity, and the presence of other peaks seen in these spectra could be due to very diverse modifications yet to be determined, including different degrees of disorder, oxidation, doping, functionalization, and structural breaks. The study of these modifications were beyond the scope of this report.
Complementary to the range 1200-1800 cm-1, when RAMAN spectroscopy was extended up to 2800 cm-1 for some objects (no 3, 8 and 11), a 2D peak of low intensity and frequency amplitude was detected, being absent in other scanned objects (data not shown). However, both in the rGO standard and some objects with G peak maxima, the intensity of this peak was always been very low compared to the G and D peaks of the spectra. This might be due to the fact that, in graphene oxides, the relative intensity of the 2D peak (~2700 cm-1) with respect to the G and D peaks is greatly reduced. Therefore, in this study we have dispensed generally with analyzing the 2D peak for reasons of greater efficiency and use of limited resources required to scan as many objects as possible within a limited amount of time. In future work, it would be of interest to examine it for all objects, thus estimating the ratio of I2D/2G intensities in those objects where it minimally manifests in this vibrational mode, which would allow for estimates to be made about the number of layers of the structure.
The objects shown in this study represent a minority portion of the total micrometric objects visible at low magnification in light-field optical microscopy (100X). These objects were scanned and are not shown in this study because their spectra where not compatible with graphene structures as they lack a band that could be assigned to G vibrational mode peak. It is of great interest to note that many of these objects show RAMAN maxima in the 1439-1457 cm-1 band. Likewise, among the objects in group 2.2, also a prominent peak is frequently found in this band, around 1450 cm-1, in combination with peaks G and D (no 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 28). The assignment of this band around 1450 cm-1 is still pending, since it does not correspond to specific peaks in graphene, but we consider it to be of great importance for the knowledge of the composition of the samples due to the frequent appearance of this vibrational mode. As a working hypothesis, this band is usually assigned to organic methylene groups -CH2- by bending the pair of hydrogens- (scissoring). However, it has also been referred to as a band of moderate intensity associated with aromatic rings, and if so, it could also be associated with graphene (Ferrari and Robertson, 2004). As stated, another possible assignment of this band would be that of a superimposed vibrational mode of some compound other than graphene, more likely, or even of the hydrogel medium remaining after drying, as in all samples there is always a viscous residue remaining after drying at room temperature. This residue could in many cases be manifesting RAMAN vibrations overlapping with the objects that remain embedded in it, but not in those that appear outside the gel at the limits of the drying drag zone. In this sense, it is possible that this vibrational mode of the medium appears overlapped with the G and D peaks of graphene in the spectra of subgroup 2.1. It is beyond the scope of this work to characterize this medium, as well as all the components of the sample. However, there are some substances capable of forming this hydrogel matrix whose RAMAN signals show prominent vibrational modes around this band, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), methylacrylamide, or the polymer PQT-12 (Mik Andersen, https://corona2inspect.blogspot.com/ pers. com). It is also a fact that some of these substances have been combined with graphene in experimental biomedicine designs that can be found in the scientific literature, for example artificial synapses for PQT-12 (Chen and Huang, 2020), gelatins for neuronal regeneration combining methylacrylamide with graphene (Zhu et al, 2016) or PVA/GO electrospun fibers (Tan et al, 2016). Now, all these hypotheses about the assignment of this peak in the vicinity of 1450 cm-1 remain open.
In conclusion, out of a total of 110 scanned objects, unambiguous signals for the presence of graphene oxide have been found in 8 objects, and signals compatible with the presence of graphitic or graphene structures in another 20 objects. The rest of the objects scanned here, out of 110 nanoparticles with graphene-like appearance have not shown signals compatible with graphene, with spectra at times dominated by excess noise caused by excessive fluorescence intensity, so we cannot neither assign nor rule out the presence of graphene structures in them. As a continuation of this line of work, and although our micro-RAMAN analysis has shown conclusive signs of the presence of objects with graphene structure, to consolidate the certainty of identification and to deepen the structural characterization, it would be convenient to carry out complementary analyses using coupled microscopy and spectroscopy techniques such as XPS spectroscopy, or TEM electron diffraction.
For the present investigation, most of the samples have been obtained from sealed vials. Also, during the extraction of the samples and their transfer to slides for Raman microscopy, we worked under aseptic conditions under laminar flow chamber. However, the possibility of sample contamination processes during manufacturing, distribution, and processing, as well as the general applicability of these findings to comparable samples, need to be assessed by routine and more extensive monitoring of similar batches of these products.
Although the results of this sampling are conclusive with regard to the presence of graphene like structures in some samples analyzed, this research is considered open for continuation and is made available to the scientific community for replication and optimization, considering it necessary to continue with a more detailed and exhaustive spectral study, based on a statistically significant sampling of similar vials, and the application of complementary techniques to confirm, refute, qualify or generalize the conclusions of this report. The samples analyzed are duly guarded and available for future scientific collaboration.
THE PAPER’S CONCLUSION:
A random sampling of COVID19 vaccine vials has been performed using a coupled micro-RAMAN technique to characterize graphene-like microscopic objects using spectroscopic fingerprints characteristic of the molecular structure.
The micro-RAMAN technique allows to reinforce the level of confidence in the identification of the material by coupling imaging and spectral analysis as observational evidence to be considered together.
Objects have been detected whose RAMAN signals by similarity with the standard unequivocally correspond to GRAPHENE OXIDE.
Another group of objects present variable spectral signals compatible with graphene derivatives, due to the presence of a majority of specific RAMAN signals (G-band) that can be assigned to the aromatic structure of this material, in conjunction with its visible appearance.
This research remains open for continuation, contrasting and replication. Further analyses based on significant sampling, using the described technique or others which are complementary would allow us to assess with adequate statistical significance the level of presence of graphene materials in these drugs, as well as their detailed chemical and structural characterization.
DISCLAIMER
This research has been carried out exclusively by Dr. Pablo Campra, without any type of remuneration by any private or public entity, nor involvement or conformity with its results and conclusions by the institution where he is affiliated.
The characterization of the related objects corresponds exclusively to the samples analyzed.
It is not possible without significant sampling to know whether these results are generalizable to other samples of similar trademarks.
Dr. Pablo Campra is only responsible for the statements written in this electronically signed file, and is not responsible for the opinions or conclusions that may be drawn from its dissemination in media and social networks and not expressed in this document, whose original version, authenticated and signed electronically, can be consulted at the following Researchgate platform:
References:
Not on the Beeb – “Dr Campra Proves Graphene Oxide in COVID Vaccines”:
https://www.notonthebeeb.co.uk/post/breaking-dr-campra-proves-graphene-in-vaccine
